DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093306

Summary
In this paper, the authors argue that geodesign is an approach that can address complex problems by organizing the interconnections between ecological, social, and economic conditions at multiple spatial and temporal scales. To develop a new landscape architecture framework, the authors reviewed definitions and perspectives of geodesign and key concepts of ecological systems thinking. The paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in geodesign within the context of systems thinking and coupled human-environmental resilience. Geodesign, the authors argue, can encourage public participation and interdisciplinary collaboration through its systemic planning processes and synergetic technologies. The emerging paradigm of landscape-based sustainability is at the forefront of geodesign-related research. Landscape architecture is complex in many aspects, but the integrated framework promotes our understanding of its social-ecological potential, spatial-temporal association, and resilience of coupled human-environment systems. Based on their findings, the authors outline key contributions, implications, challenges, and recommendations for future research. They suggest that a more mature understanding of geodesign requires a systemic perspective that considers the interconnections between ecological, social, and economic conditions at multiple scales. The authors also note that geodesign can facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and public participation in planning processes, leading to more effective and sustainable outcomes.

Relevance for Complex Systems Knowledge
A geo-design process is a geography-centered design process, usually developed in a GIS environment. The multidisciplinary approach in geo-design processes reflects the ecological, social, and economic issues that make up a landscape. Systems thinking is a useful lens for understanding the underlying theoretical mechanism of geo-design. The paper describes the core concepts of systems thinking (hierarchy, adaptability and resilience, the adaptive cycle, connectedness and incorporation, panarchy, innovative potential, emergence and self-organization, and feedback), and their relationship to geo-design studies.

Point of Strength
The paper outlines four significant geo-design themes
(1) geodesign as a geography-centered multidisciplinary science,
(2) geodesign as an iterative design process,
(3) geodesign as a community participatory planning tool
(4) geodesign as a process for exploring landscape-based sustainability-oriented ideas.

This review could help students to understand how the geo-design processes are non-linear, iterative, and overlapping. It helps them to observe these processes from different perspectives. Using Representation Systems, such as GIS and GeoPlanner, students learn how to visualize multidisciplinary scientific information within a geographical context to make complex science understandable for people from different fields and communicate with each other efficiently. The paper can help students in the identification
of similar functional elements and spatial scale properties in the landscape.