DOI
10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.029

Summary
This article is concerned with algal biofuel energy technology as an emerging source of biofuel. The article examines two case studies of this energy in the United States first the generation of biodiesel and second solar photovoltaics’ (V). Although there have been many studies conducted in the context of algal biofuel energy production, there is yet to be a full-scale operation implemented. Hasse et al apply a technological innovation system framework to extract learnings and inform on the path forward for the commercialisation of this energy source. The authors begin the article by detailing the background information on algal biofuel production. The methodology used for this article includes the research and review of literature and applying the key factors in the innovation processes of biodiesel and solar PV. The authors utilise Bergek et al’s TIS functions for this analysis. Both biodiesel and solar PV are describe separately in case study sections 3.2 and 3.3. Here the offers describes the process of developing the technology in the context of algal biofuel. The TIS functions of both biodiesel and solar PV are described in tables 4 and 5. Here, each system function is named and the events significant to the energy source are described. The authors provide discussion and conclusion in section 4 where they describe and contrast some of the challenges associated with both renewable energies. The relevance of this study to the COSY objectives is questionable, however it does offer itself as a useful example of TIS case study analysis in action.

Relevance for Complex Systems Knowledge
This article is relevant to the energy systems topic. It offers insight into the development of the TIS of algal biofuel energy, specifically the production of biodiesel and solar PV. This article is a good example of a case study comparison analysis. The clarity of the TIS functions presented in the tables could be replicated for future studies. However, in general the article does not offer any significant new learnings for complex systems knowledge.

Point of Strength
The TIS functions as presented in tables 4 and 5 are clear and easily understood and could be utilised as a teaching resource. Figures 1 and 2 provide the reader with valuable graphic representations of biofuel and PV development under the TIS event timeline. Similarly figures 3 and 4 present valuable representations of the TIS functions of both energy sources. These could be useful as a teaching resource or could be replicated for another study.